MILITARY INTEL: The Erosion of Peer-to-Peer Combat Experience Since the Cold War's end, no major military power has engaged in sustained peer-to-peer conflict—the last being the 1991 Gulf War. This 33-year gap means current senior command structures across NATO, Russia, and China lack firsthand experience managing large-scale conventional warfare against similarly-equipped adversaries. Ukraine has become the first peer conflict in this era, with lessons showing that attrition rates, logistics complexity, and air defense integration operate fundamentally differently than post-2001 counterinsurgency doctrine assumed. This matters because doctrinal assumptions built on asymmetric warfare may catastrophically misalign with the material realities of modern conventional conflict, affecting military planning for potential NATO-Russia or US-China scenarios.